cytokine
IL-33
Epithelial and stromal alarmin that lowers type 2 activation thresholds
Review layer
Last reviewed 2026-05-17
Alarmin pages emphasize epithelial and stromal alarm signals as threshold-lowering inputs rather than isolated cytokine facts.
Provenance layer
External context
Curated external IDs add pathway and protein context around Atlas content. They do not update the graph automatically and they are not patient-specific interpretation.
Appears in response traces
State signature
Systems profile
System effects
Primary mapped axes from existing Atlas data.
Tissue
Organ, barrier, stromal, vascular, or local niche behavior.
Neuroimmune
Nerve, neuropeptide, autonomic, microglial, pain, itch, fatigue, or sickness-behavior coupling.
Metabolism
Energy allocation, glycolysis, mitochondrial strain, lipid signaling, or nutrient-sensitive behavior.
Cascade viewer
Source → signal → tissue behavior
Sources
Signal
IL-33
Targets and effects
Graph neighborhood
Direct relationships
Arrow shows upstream source toward receiving target.
Epithelial alarmin lowers mast cell activation threshold
Arrow shows upstream source toward receiving target.
Airway epithelial injury and alarmin release
Arrow shows upstream source toward receiving target.
IL-33 activates ILC2-type barrier responses with IL-5, IL-13, and amphiregulin output
Cytokine ecology
Signal Role
IL-33 is released during tissue stress and activates ST2-expressing cells such as mast cells and ILC2s, linking barrier injury to type 2 immunity.
Pathway
Source Cells
Target Cells
Inflammatory Role
Amplifies allergic inflammation, mucus, eosinophils, mast cell activation, and tissue repair loops.
Regulatory Role
Supports wound repair and parasite defense when transient.